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- *map.txt* For Vim version 5.1. Last modification: 1998 Feb 26
-
-
- VIM REFERENCE MANUAL by Bram Moolenaar
-
-
- Key mapping and abbreviations.
-
- 1. Key mapping |key-mapping|
- 2. Abbreviations |abbreviations|
-
- ==============================================================================
- 1. Key mapping *key-mapping*
-
- There are commands to enter new mappings, remove mappings and list mappings.
- See |map-overview| for the various forms of "map" and their relationships with
- modes.
-
- :map {lhs} {rhs} *:map*
- :nm[ap] {lhs} {rhs} *:nm* *:nmap*
- :vm[ap] {lhs} {rhs} *:vm* *:vmap*
- :om[ap] {lhs} {rhs} *:om* *:omap*
- :map! {lhs} {rhs} *:map!*
- :im[ap] {lhs} {rhs} *:im* *:imap*
- :cm[ap] {lhs} {rhs} *:cm* *:cmap*
- Map the key sequence {lhs} to {rhs} for the modes
- where the map command applies. The result, including
- {rhs}, is then further scanned for mappings. This
- allows for nested and recursive use of mappings.
-
-
- :no[remap] {lhs} {rhs} *:no* *:noremap*
- :nn[oremap] {lhs} {rhs} *:nn* *:nnoremap*
- :vn[oremap] {lhs} {rhs} *:vn* *:vnoremap*
- :ono[remap] {lhs} {rhs} *:ono* *:onoremap*
- :no[remap]! {lhs} {rhs} *:no!* *:noremap!*
- :ino[remap] {lhs} {rhs} *:ino* *:inoremap*
- :cno[remap] {lhs} {rhs} *:cno* *:cnoremap*
- Map the key sequence {lhs} to {rhs} for the modes
- where the map command applies. Disallow mapping of
- {rhs}, to avoid nested and recursive mappings. Often
- used to redefine a command. {not in Vi}
-
-
- :unm[ap] {lhs} *:unm* *:unmap*
- :nun[map] {lhs} *:nun* *:nunmap*
- :vu[nmap] {lhs} *:vu* *:vunmap*
- :ou[nmap] {lhs} *:ou* *:ounmap*
- :unm[ap]! {lhs} *:unm!* *:unmap!*
- :iu[nmap] {lhs} *:iu* *:iunmap*
- :cu[nmap] {lhs} *:cu* *:cunmap*
- Remove the mapping of {lhs} for the modes where the
- map command applies. The mapping may remain defined
- for other modes where it applies.
- Note: Trailing spaces are included in the {lhs}. This
- unmap does NOT work:
- > :map @@ foo
- > :unmap @@ | print
-
- :mapc[lear] *:mapc* *:mapclear*
- :nmapc[lear] *:nmapc* *:nmapclear*
- :vmapc[lear] *:vmapc* *:vmapclear*
- :omapc[lear] *:omapc* *:omapclear*
- :mapc[lear]! *:mapc!* *:mapclear!*
- :imapc[lear] *:imapc* *:imapclear*
- :cmapc[lear] *:cmapc* *:cmapclear*
- Remove ALL mappings for the modes where the map
- command applies. {not in Vi}
-
- :map
- :nm[ap]
- :vm[ap]
- :om[ap]
- :map!
- :im[ap]
- :cm[ap]
- List all key mappings for the modes where the map
- command applies. Note that ":map" and ":map!" are
- used most often, because they include the other modes.
-
- :map {lhs} *:map_l*
- :nm[ap] {lhs} *:nmap_l*
- :vm[ap] {lhs} *:vmap_l*
- :om[ap] {lhs} *:omap_l*
- :map! {lhs} *:map_l!*
- :im[ap] {lhs} *:imap_l*
- :cm[ap] {lhs} *:cmap_l*
- List the key mappings for the key sequences starting
- with {lhs} in the modes where the map command applies.
- {not in Vi}
-
- These commands are used to map a key or key sequence to a string of
- characters. You can use this to put command sequences under function keys,
- translate one key into another, etc. See |:mkexrc| for how to save and
- restore the current mappings.
-
- There are five sets of mappings
- - For Normal mode: When typing commands.
- - For Visual mode: When typing commands while the Visual area is highlighted.
- - For Operator-pending mode: When an operator is pending (after "d", "y", "c",
- etc.).
- - For Insert mode. These are also used in Replace mode.
- - For Command-line mode: When entering a ":" or "/" command.
-
- *map-overview* *map-modes*
- Overview of which map command works in which mode:
-
- commands: modes: ~
- Normal Visual Operator-pending ~
- :map :noremap :unmap :mapclear X X X
- :nmap :nnoremap :nunmap :nmapclear X . .
- :vmap :vnoremap :vunmap :vmapclear . X .
- :omap :onoremap :ounmap :omapclear . . X
-
- Insert Command-line ~
- :map! :noremap! :unmap! :mapclear! X X
- :imap :inoremap :iunmap :imapclear X .
- :cmap :cnoremap :cunmap :cmapclear . X
-
- The original Vi did not have separate mappings for
- Normal/Visual/Operator-pending mode and for Insert/Command-line mode.
- Therefore the ":map" and ":map!" commands enter and display mappings for
- several modes. In Vim you can use the ":nmap", ":vmap", ":omap", ":cmap" and
- ":imap" commands to enter mappings for each mode separately.
-
- To enter a mapping for Normal and Visual mode, but not Operator-pending mode,
- first define it for all three modes, then unmap it for Operator-pending mode:
- :map xx something-difficult
- :ounmap xx
- Likewise for a mapping for Visual and Operator-pending mode or Normal and
- Operator-pending mode.
-
- *map-listing*
- When listing mappings the characters in the first two columns are:
-
- CHAR MODE ~
- <Space> Normal, Visual and Operator-pending
- n Normal
- v Visual
- o Operator-pending
- ! Insert and Command-line
- i Insert
- c Command-line
-
- A "*" just before the {rhs} indicates that it is not remappable.
-
- Everything from the first non-blank after {lhs} up to the end of the line
- (or '|') is considered to be part of {rhs}. This allows the {rhs} to end
- with a space.
-
- Note: When using mappings for Visual mode, you can use the "'<" mark, which
- is the start of the last selected Visual area in the current buffer |'<|.
-
- *map_backslash*
- Note that only CTRL-V is mentioned here as a special character for mappings
- and abbreviations. When 'cpoptions' does not contain 'B', a backslash can
- also be used like CTRL-V. The <> notation can be fully used then |<>|. But
- you cannot use "<C-V>" like CTRL-V to escape the special meaning of what
- follows.
-
- To map a backslash, or use a backslash literally in the {rhs}, the special
- sequence "<Bslash>" can be used. This avoids the need to double backslashes
- when using nested mappings.
-
- *map_CTRL_C*
- It's not possible to use a CTRL-C in the {lhs}. You just can't map CTRL-C.
- The reason is that CTRL-C must always be available to break a running command.
-
- *map_space_in_lhs*
- To include a space in {lhs} precede it with a CTRL-V (type two CTRL-Vs for
- each space).
- *map_space_in_rhs*
- If you want a {rhs} that starts with a space, use "<Space>". To be fully Vi
- compatible (but unreadable) don't use the |<>| notation, precede {rhs} with a
- single CTRL-V (you have to type CTRL-V two times).
- *map_empty_rhs*
- You can create an empty {rhs} by typing nothing after a single CTRL-V (you
- have to type CTRL-V two times). Unfortunately, you cannot do this in a vimrc
- file.
- *map-comments*
- It is not possible to put a comment after these commands, because the '"'
- character is considered to be part of the {lhs} or {rhs}.
-
- *map_bar*
- Since the '|' character is used to separate a map command from the next
- command, you will have to do something special to include a '|' in {rhs}.
- There are three methods:
- use works when example ~
- <Bar> '<' is not in 'cpoptions' :map _l :!ls <Bar> more^M
- \| 'b' is not in 'cpoptions' :map _l :!ls \| more^M
- ^V| always, in Vim and Vi :map _l :!ls ^V| more^M
-
- (here ^V stands for CTRL-V; to get one CTRL-V you have to type it twice; you
- cannot use the <> notation "<C-V>" here).
-
- All three work when you use the default setting for 'cpoptions'.
-
- When 'b' is present in 'cpoptions', "\|" will be recognized as a mapping
- ending in a '\' and then another command. This is Vi compatible, but
- unlogical when compared to other commands.
-
- *map_return*
- When you have a mapping that contains an Ex command, you need to put a line
- terminator after it to have it executed. The use of <CR> is recommended for
- this (see |<>|). Example:
- > :map _ls :!ls -l %<CR>:echo "the end"<CR>
-
- To avoid mapping of the characters you type in insert or Command-line mode,
- type a CTRL-V first. The mapping in Insert mode is disabled if the 'paste'
- option is on.
-
- Note that when an error is enountered (that causes an error message) the rest
- of the mapping is not executed. This is Vi-compatible.
-
- Note that the second character (argument) of the commands @zZtTfF[]rm'`"v
- and CTRL-X is not mapped. This was done to be able to use all the named
- registers and marks, even when the command with the same name has been
- mapped.
-
- *map-which-keys*
- If you are going to map something, you will need to choose which key(s) to use
- for the {lhs}. You will have to avoid keys that are used for Vim commands,
- otherwise you would not be able to use those commands anymore. Here are a few
- suggestions:
- - Function keys <F2>, <F3>, etc.. Also the shifted function keys. Note that
- <F1> is already used for the help command.
- - Meta-keys (with the ALT key pressed).
- - Use the "_" character and then any other character. The "_" command does
- exist in Vim (see |_|), but you probably never use it.
-
- *map-examples*
- A few examples (given as you type them, for "<CR>" you type four characters;
- the '<' flag must not be present in 'cpoptions' for this to work).
-
- > :map <F3> o#include
- > :map <M-g> /foo<CR>cwbar<Esc>
- > :map _x d/END/e<CR>
- > :map! qq quadrillion questions
-
- *map-typing*
- Vim will compare what you type with the start of a mapped sequence. If there
- is an incomplete match, it will get more characters until there either is a
- complete match or until there is no match at all. Example: If you map! "qq",
- the first 'q' will not appear on the screen until you type another
- character. This is because Vim cannot know if the next character will be a
- 'q' or not. If the 'timeout' option is on (which is the default) Vim will
- only wait for one second (or as long as specified with the 'timeoutlen'
- option). After that it assumes that the 'q' is to be interpreted as such. If
- type slowly, or your system is slow, reset the 'timeout' option. Then you
- might want to set the 'ttimeout' option.
-
- *recursive_mapping*
- If you include the {lhs} in the {rhs} you have a recursive mapping. When
- {lhs} is typed, it will be replaced with {rhs}. When the {lhs} which is
- included in {rhs} is encountered it will be replaced with {rhs}, and so on.
- This makes it possible to repeat a command an infinite number of times. The
- only problem is that the only way to stop this is by causing an error. The
- macros to solve a maze uses this, look there for an example. There is one
- exception: If the {rhs} starts with {lhs}, the first character is not mapped
- again (this is Vi compatible).
- For example:
- > :map ab abcd
- will execute the "a" command and insert "bcd" in the text. The "ab" in the
- {rhs} will not be mapped again.
-
- If you want to exchange the meaning of two keys you should use the :noremap
- command. For example:
- > :noremap k j
- > :noremap j k
- This will exchange the cursor up and down commands.
-
- With the normal :map command, when the 'remap' option is on, mapping takes
- place until the text is found not to be a part of a {lhs}. For example, if
- you use:
- > :map x y
- > :map y x
- Vim will replace x with y, and then y with x, etc. When this has happened
- 'maxmapdepth' times (default 1000), Vim will give the error message
- "recursive mapping".
-
- See the file "index" for keys that are not used and thus can be mapped
- without losing any builtin function. I suggest you use function keys,
- and meta-keys. If you are prepared to lose a command that you hardly ever use
- you can make mappings that start with '_' or '-'. You can also use
- ":help <key>^D" to find out if a key is used for some command. (<key> is the
- specific key you want to find out about, ^D is CTRL-D).
-
- If you include an undo command inside a mapped sequence, this will bring the
- text back in the state before executing the macro. This is compatible with
- the original Vi, as long as there is only one undo command in the mapped
- sequence (having two undo commands in a mapped sequence did not make sense
- in the original Vi, you would get back the text before the first undo).
-
- There are three ways to map a special key:
- 1. The Vi-compatible method: Map the key code. Often this is a sequence that
- starts with <Esc>. To enter a mapping like this you type ":map " and then
- you have to type CTRL-V before hitting the function key. Note that when
- the key code for the key is in the termcap (the t_ options), it will
- automatically be translated into the internal code and become the second
- way of mapping (unless the 'k' flag is included in 'cpoptions').
- 2. The second method is to use the internal code for the function key. To
- enter such a mapping type CTRL-K and then hit the function key, or use
- the form "#1", "#2", .. "#9", "#0", "<Up>", "<S-Down>", "<S-F7>", etc.
- (see table of keys |key-notation|, all keys from <Up> can be used). The
- first ten function keys can be defined in two ways: Just the number, like
- "#2", and with "<F>", like "<F2>". Both stand for function key 2. "#0"
- refers to function key 10, defined with option 't_f10', which may be
- function key zero on some keyboards. The <> form cannot be used when
- 'cpoptions' includes the '<' flag.
- 3. Use the termcap entry, with the form <t_xx>, where "xx" is the name of the
- termcap entry. Any string entry can be used. For example:
- > :map <t_F3> G
- Maps function key 13 to "G". This does not work if 'cpoptions' includes
- the '<' flag.
-
- The advantage of the second and third method is that the mapping will work on
- different terminals without modification (the function key will be
- translated into the same internal code or the actual key code, no matter what
- terminal you are using. The termcap must be correct for this to work, and you
- must use the same mappings).
-
- DETAIL: Vim first checks if a sequence from the keyboard is mapped. If it
- isn't the terminal key codes are tried (see |terminal-options|). If a
- terminal code is found it is replaced with the internal code. Then the check
- for a mapping is done again (so you can map an internal code to something
- else). What is written into the script file depends on what is recognized.
- If the terminal key code was recognized as a mapping the key code itself is
- written to the script file. If it was recognized as a terminal code the
- internal code is written to the script file.
-
- ==============================================================================
- 2. Abbreviations *abbreviations*
-
- Abbreviations are used in insert mode, Replace mode and Command-line mode.
- If you enter a word that is an abbreviation, it is replaced with the word it
- stands for. This can be used to save typing for often used long words.
-
- There are three types of abbreviations:
-
- full-id The "full-id" type consists entirely of keyword characters (letters
- and characters from 'iskeyword' option). This is the most common
- abbreviation.
-
- Examples: "foo", "g3", "-1"
-
- end-id The "end-id" type ends in a keyword character, but all the other
- characters are not keyword characters.
-
- Examples: "#i", "..f", "$/7"
-
- non-id The "non-id" type ends in a non-keyword character, the other
- characters may be of any type, excluding space and Tab. {this type
- is not supported by Vi}
-
- Examples: "def#", "4/7$"
-
- Examples of strings that cannot be abbreviations: "a.b", "#def", "a b", "_$r"
-
- An abbreviation is only recognized when you type a non-keyword character.
- This can also be the <Esc> that ends insert mode or the <CR> that ends a
- command. The non-keyword character which ends the abbreviation is inserted
- after the expanded abbreviation. An exception to this is the character <C-]>,
- which is used to expand an abbreviation without inserting any extra
- characters.
-
- Example:
- > :ab hh hello
- "hh<Space>" is expanded to "hello<Space>"
- "hh<C-]>" is expanded to "hello"
-
- The characters before the cursor must match the abbreviation. Each type has
- an additional rule:
-
- full-id In front of the match is a non-keyword character, or this is where
- the line or insertion starts. Exception: When the abbreviation is
- only one character, it is not recognized if there is a non-keyword
- character in front of it, other than a space or a <Tab>.
-
- end-id In front of the match is a keyword character, or a space or a <Tab>,
- or this is where the line or insertion starts.
-
- non-id In front of the match is a space, <Tab> or the start of the line or
- the insertion.
-
- Examples: (<CURSOR> is where you type a non-keyword character)
- > :ab foo four old otters
- " foo<CURSOR>" is expanded to " four old otters"
- " foobar<CURSOR>" is not expanded
- "barfoo<CURSOR>" is not expanded
-
- > :ab #i #include
- "#i<CURSOR>" is expanded to "#include"
- ">#i<CURSOR>" is not expanded
-
- > :ab ;; <endofline>"
- "test;;" is not expanded
- "test ;;" is expanded to "test <endofline>"
-
- To avoid the abbreviation in insert mode: Type part of the abbreviation, exit
- insert mode with <Esc>, re-enter insert mode with "a" and type the rest. Or
- type CTRL-V before the character after the abbreviation.
- To avoid the abbreviation in Command-line mode: Type CTRL-V twice somewhere in
- the abbreviation to avoid it to be replaced. A CTRL-V in front of a normal
- character is mostly ignored otherwise.
-
- There are no default abbreviations.
-
- Abbreviations are never recursive. You can use ":ab f f-o-o" without any
- problem. But abbreviations can be mapped. {some versions of Vi support
- recursive abbreviations, for no apparent reason}
-
- Abbreviations are disabled if the 'paste' option is on.
-
- *:ab* *:abbreviate*
- :ab[breviate] list all abbreviations. The character in the first
- column indicates the mode where the abbreviation is
- used: 'i' for insert mode, 'c' for Command-line
- mode, '!' for both.
-
- :ab[breviate] <lhs> list the abbreviations that start with <lhs>
-
- :ab[breviate] <lhs> <rhs>
- add abbreviation for <lhs> to <rhs>. If <lhs> already
- existed it is replaced with the new <rhs>. <rhs> may
- contain spaces.
-
- *:una* *:unabbreviate*
- :una[bbreviate] <lhs> remove abbreviation for <lhs> from the list
-
- *:norea* *:noreabbrev*
- :norea[bbrev] [lhs] [rhs]
- same as ":ab", but no remapping for this <rhs> {not
- in Vi}
-
- *:ca* *:cabbrev*
- :ca[bbrev] [lhs] [rhs] same as ":ab", but for Command-line mode only. {not
- in Vi}
-
- *:cuna* *:cunabbrev*
- :cuna[bbrev] <lhs> same as ":una", but for Command-line mode only. {not
- in Vi}
-
- *:cnorea* *:cnoreabbrev*
- :cnorea[bbrev] [lhs] [rhs]
- same as ":ab", but for Command-line mode only and no
- remapping for this <rhs> {not in Vi}
-
- *:ia* *:iabbrev*
- :ia[bbrev] [lhs] [rhs] same as ":ab", but for Insert mode only. {not in Vi}
-
- *:iuna* *:iunabbrev*
- :iuna[bbrev] <lhs> same as ":una", but for insert mode only. {not in
- Vi}
-
- *:inorea* *:inoreabbrev*
- :inorea[bbrev] [lhs] [rhs]
- same as ":ab", but for Insert mode only and no
- remapping for this <rhs> {not in Vi}
-
- *:abc* *:abclear*
- :abc[lear] Remove all abbreviations. {not in Vi}
-
- *:iabc* *:iabclear*
- :iabc[lear] Remove all abbreviations for Insert mode. {not in Vi}
-
- *:cabc* *:cabclear*
- :cabc[lear] Remove all abbreviations for Command-line mode. {not
- in Vi}
-
- *using_CTRL-V*
- It is possible to use special characters in the rhs of an abbreviation.
- CTRL-V has to be used to avoid the special meaning of most non printable
- characters. How many CTRL-Vs need to be typed depends on how you enter the
- abbreviation. This also applies to mappings. Let's use an example here.
-
- Suppose you want to abbreviate "esc" to enter an <Esc> character. When you
- type the ":ab" command in Vim, you have to enter this: (here ^V is a CTRL-V
- and ^[ is <Esc>)
-
- You type: ab esc ^V^V^V^V^V^[
-
- All keyboard input is subjected to ^V quote interpretation, so
- the first, third, and fifth ^V characters simply allow the second,
- and fourth ^Vs, and the ^[, to be entered into the command line.
-
- You see: ab esc ^V^V^[
-
- The command line contains two actual ^Vs before the ^[. This is
- how it should appear in your .exrc file, if you choose to go that
- route. The first ^V is there to quote the second ^V; the :ab
- command uses ^V as its own quote character, so you can include quoted
- whitespace or the | character in the abbreviation. The :ab command
- doesn't do anything special with the ^[ character, so it doesn't need
- to be quoted. (Although quoting isn't harmful; that's why typing 7
- [but not 8!] ^Vs works.)
-
- Stored as: esc ^V^[
-
- After parsing, the abbreviation's short form ("esc") and long form
- (the two characters "^V^[") are stored in the abbreviation table.
- If you give the :ab command with no arguments, this is how the
- abbreviation will be displayed.
-
- Later, when the abbreviation is expanded because the user typed in
- the word "esc", the long form is subjected to the same type of
- ^V interpretation as keyboard input. So the ^V protects the ^[
- character from being interpreted as the "exit input-mode" character.
- Instead, the ^[ is inserted into the text.
-
- Expands to: ^[
-
- [example given by Steve Kirkendall]
-
- vim:tw=78:ts=8:sw=8:
-